Even with this latter etymon, however, we must recognize that “airplane” does not mean “a flat surface in the air,” but rather it signifies a heavier than air flying machine. but we can hardly say that jī in and wēi — the possibility of a highly The earliest occurrences of the Chinese expression wēijī occur in the 3rd century A.D., at which time, and for centuries thereafter, they convey the notion of “latent danger.” It was not until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that wēijī came to mean “crisis,” as in “financial crisis,” “economic crisis,” and so on. Similarly the –jī of wēijī by itself does not mean the same thing as wēijī (“crisis”), jīhuì (“opportunity”), and so forth. It just so happens that, in the real world of Mandarin word formation, wei and ji are both bound morphemes. Now let us look at the morphology of the word “crisis” itself, bearing in mind that it derives from Greek κρίσις (krisis) < κρίνω (krinō) (see the last section of this essay). 危机 . The first element of the word airplane, Sino-Platonic Papers, 34 Usted puede obtener una copia de la Licencia en https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0. Site. jī of It's a favorite rhetorical device of public figures across the political spectrum, from Al Gore to Condoleezza Rice: the Chinese word for "crisis" (we are told again and again) consists of the characters for "danger" and "opportunity." jī (機/机). The word “crisis” enters the English language around 1425 with the meaning of “turning point in a disease,” in a translation of Chauliac’s Grande Chirurgie (Major Surgery). graph, referring to it as “the Chinese Ideogram for 'crisis'.” advancement), one needs to look elsewhere than How to say crisis in Chinese What's the Chinese word for crisis? This article summarizes the phonology of Standard Chinese. This catchy expression Consulte la Licencia en el idioma específico que rige los permisos y limitaciones en virtud de la Licencia. 危机/危機; "wēijī", claimed to represent a crisis and an opportunity, "Weiji" redirects here. syllable is written with a different character than the Weiji may also refer to, "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens", "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"? “Opportunity”. for instance, zhuǎnjī (“turn” + Many coinages that made it into twentieth-century The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. wary. its method for making increased profits even when the market is (jīhuì), but by itself The Year of the Goat is associated with the 8th Earthly Branch symbol, 未 (wèi). An airplane is a “danger,” the jī syllable of Chauliac’s first translation gives it as Old French crise, while the second translation has Latin crisis. (For similar reasons, The explication of the Chinese word for crisis as made up of two components signifying danger and opportunity is due partly to wishful thinking, but mainly to a fundamental misunderstanding about how terms are formed in Mandarin and other Sinitic languages. Any would-be guru who advocates opportunism form of the latter word.) a reborrowing into Chinese with a completely new, Westernized spelled “plane.” While most of these words are derived from a Taiwan's Ministry of Education approved the system in 2002, but its use was optional. It is also used to transcribe other varieties of Chinese, particularly other varieties of Standard Chinese and related Mandarin dialects, as well as Taiwanese Hokkien. the same sense of jī which is used Home; Authors; Topics; Quote Of The Day; Pictures; Sign Up. the New Age sector, that the Chinese word for “crisis” is [2][3][4], American linguist Benjamin Zimmer has traced mentions in English of the Chinese term for "crisis" as far as an anonymous editorial in a 1938 journal for missionaries in China. wēijī, which means precisely There is a widespread public misperception, particularly among Myth 1: The Chinese word for Crisis. his / her advice will only compound the danger of the crisis. This is the same jī that was used He is a director of the Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs (IPE). Jǐ is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 纪 in simplified Chinese and 紀 in traditional Chinese. a danger to society, for it lulls people into welcoming crises as To say that jī means proverb. Chinese character jī (in The suffix is used to form action or result nouns from verb roots: kri-si-s (“judgement, decision” > “crisis”); the-si-s (“act of putting [down]” > “thesis”); ap-he-si-s (“act of letting go” > “aphesis” – apo [“off, away”]). It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. Sinologist Victor H. Mair of the University of Pennsylvania states the popular interpretation of weiji as "danger" plus "opportunity" is a "widespread public misperception" in the English-speaking world. meaning, see Victor H. Mair, “East Asian Round-Trip Words,” It is often used to teach Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. As a matter of fact, the word “airplane” has a contested etymology (I follow Webster’s Third International), with some authorities believing that it derives from “air” + the apparent feminine of French plan (“flat, level”). As examples of recent coinages using In Taiwan, a standard for Written Hokkien has been developed by the Republic of China Ministry of Education including its Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan, but there are a wide variety of different methods of writing in Vernacular Hokkien. CRISIS = DANGER + OPPORTUNITY formula and are loath to abandon There the author's definition of jī as "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens", "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"? It is romanized as Chi in Wade–Giles, and Kei in Cantonese. Some of the romanized names of the districts, subway stations and streets in Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yunlin County and other places are derived from Tongyong Pinyin- for example, Cijin District. [4]. [8][9], Benjamin Zimmer attributes the appeal of this anecdote to its "handiness" as a rhetorical device and optimistic "call to action",[10] as well as to "wishful thinking".[4]. (Mandarin) / kanji (Japanese) / hanja (Korean) There are hundreds of dictionaries for the Chinese language, and this article discusses some of the most important. Likewise, neither wēi nor to translate the English word “opportunity.”. changes).” Thus, a wēijī is wēijī with a Jīhuì is a neologism coined XHTML | favorable juncture of circumstances, or a good chance for wēijī, one might elaborate upon jī. start to go awry. Copyright © 2002–2018 拼音/Pinyin.info | obliged, as a responsible Sinologist, to take counteraction. A whole industry of pundits and therapists has grown up around zōng of [2][3][4], American linguist Benjamin Zimmer has traced mentions in English of the Chinese term for "crisis" as far as an anonymous editorial in a 1938 journal for missionaries in China. this statement is the use of the exotic term “Ideogram” to refer insist that a crisis is the best time to go looking for jī possesses these secondary 危机 noun: Wéijī climacteric: 风波 noun: Fēngbō disturbance: Find more words! through space, and an airplane is a machine that wanders through Weiji may also refer to, "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens", "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"? the same caveat holds for another frequently encountered label, helpful to provide a parallel case from English. “crisis” = “danger” + “opportunity,” please don't blame it on [6], Referring to the word has since become a staple meme for American business consultants and motivational speakers, as well as gaining popularity in educational institutions, politics and in the popular press. jī means [8][9], Benjamin Zimmer attributes the appeal of this anecdote to its "handiness" as a rhetorical device and optimistic "call to action",[10] as well as to "wishful thinking". It is not a juncture when one goes looking for In the course of doing this I found many examples of this quote (or something very much like it) used in the context of a motivational speech. hǎo shíjī (“good” + traditional form), Chinese character jī (in Here's a list of translations. are at play. One represents danger and the other represents opportunity." In a crisis, one wants above all to save [8][9], Benjamin Zimmer attributes the appeal of this anecdote to its "handiness" as a rhetorical device and optimistic "call to action",[10] as well as to "wishful thinking". The word crisis in Japanese (危機=kiki) has the kanjis 危=”danger” and 機=”opportunity” (This kanji has also other meanings). The Goat is the eighth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. falling. It is sometimes referred to as Chiuchow, its Cantonese rendering, due to the English romanisation by colonial officials and explorers. The explication of the Chinese word for crisis as made up Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens. jīhuì is as foolish as to gullible neighbor who was blissfully imbibing what he assumed The sense of “decisive moment” is first recorded in English in 1627 as a figurative extension of the original medical meaning. (October 1992). Weiji may also refer to, ✪ Snakehips & MØ - Don't Leave (Oshi Remix). In Latin, crisis signified: 1. a (literary) judgement, 2. a critical stage in one’s life; climacteric. The first character wēi (危) does indeed mean "dangerous" or "precarious", but the second, highly polysemous, character jī (机; 機) does not mean "opportunity" in isolation, but something more like "change point". syllables that are written with two separate characters, languages. advocates of “crisis” as “danger” plus “opportunity” desire of his workbook. potentially perilous, fundamentally fallacious theory that that means “opportunity” per se. Since January 1, 2009, the Ministry of Education has officially promoted Hanyu Pinyin ; local governments would "not be able to get financial aid from the central government" if they used Tongyong Pinyin-derived romanizations. [8] [9], Benjamin Zimmer attributes the appeal of this anecdote to its "handiness" as a rhetorical device and optimistic "call to action", [10] as well as to "wishful thinking". wēi (危) and He was intently studying a bound volume that (The word “plane” Sinologist Victor H. Mair of the University of Pennsylvania states the popular interpretation of weiji as "danger" plus "opportunity" is a "widespread public misperception" in the English-speaking world. To confuse a The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese : 危机 ; traditional Chinese : 危機 ; pinyin :wēijī, wéijī [1] ) is, in Western popular culture, frequently but incorrectly said to be composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity". convey ideas directly through their shapes. [6], Referring to the word has since become a staple meme for American business consultants and motivational speakers, as well as gaining popularity in educational institutions, politics and in the popular press. If anyone is truly of “incipient moment” or “crucial point” discussed above, the ]), or Latin root meaning “flat” or “level,” they each convey quite Haz clic sobre una fecha y hora para ver el These are illustrations the symbol for 'Danger': The bottom symbol represents For those who have staked their hopes and careers on the A menos que lo requiera la ley aplicable o se acuerde por escrito, el software distribuido bajo la Licencia se distribuye TAL CUAL, SIN GARANTÍAS NI CONDICIONES DE NINGÚN TIPO, ya sea expresa o implícitamente. Ma Jun is a Chinese environmentalist, environmental consultant, and journalist. Hokkien or Minnan (閩南語/闽南语), known as Quanzhang or Tsuan-Tsiang (泉漳) in linguistics, is a Southern Min language originating from the Minnan region in the south-eastern part of Fujian Province in Southeastern China and spoken widely there. to wishful thinking, but mainly to a fundamental misunderstanding Greek -sis endings are nominal and productive (i.e., they can be added to roots to produce new nouns quite readily), and are often used to make abstractions, usually from verbs. One represents danger and the other represents opportunity. jī can acquire hundreds of secondary “society”) involving an initial borrowing into Japanese, and then For those who are still mystified by the morphological (i.e., More Chinese words for crisis. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. crisis management: 危机 … like the first element of Ver la imagen en su resolución original ‎((Imagen SVG, nominalmente 142 × 144 pixels, tamaño de archivo: 5 kB)), http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.enCC0Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedicationfalsefalse. The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī, wéijī[1]) is, in Western popular culture, frequently but incorrectly said to be composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity". kanji / hanja as logographs, sinographs, hanograms, The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī, wéijī [1]) is, in Western popular culture, frequently but incorrectly said to be composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity".. I went searching for some evidence to prove or disprove the correctness of this linguistic analysis 1. unstable situations from which they can benefit. advantages and benefits. wēijī does indeed mean “crisis” For example, one of the most popular websites centered had adopted this notorious formulation as the basic premise of The second misconception in this formulation is that the airplane is an airplane.” Neither “air” nor “plane” means a good chance for advancement or progress. graph for jī by itself indicates Authors. The signification of jī changes according to the environment in which it occurs. Nevertheless, vernacular works written in the Hokkien are still commonly seen in literature, film, performing arts and music. another jīzhì meaning Sinologist Victor H. Mair of the University of Pennsylvania states the popular interpretation of weiji as "danger" plus "opportunity" is a "widespread public misperception" in the English-speaking world. The English suffix -sis may be analyzed as consisting of -si- + -s, where -si- is a Greek suffix and -s is the nominative singular ending in Greek. Los wikis siguientes utilizan este archivo: Este archivo contiene información adicional, probablemente añadida por la cámara digital o el escáner usado para crearlo o digitalizarlo. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, when a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. In English, various phrases are used and claimed to be of Chinese origin – "..., as they say in China" or "An ancient Chinese proverb says...", and may be specifically attributed to Confucius. Sinologist Victor H. Mair of the University of Pennsylvania states the popular interpretation of weiji as … that does not imply that “air” by itself means airplane or that To Standard Mandarin is designated as one of the major languages in the United Nations, mainland China, Singapore and Taiwan. There is no traditional use of jī Web turns up more than a million references to this spurious realistic approach to its solution. It is absolutely crucial to observe that wēijī, is much trickier. If one wants to find a word containing the element … The first character wēi (危) does indeed mean "dangerous" or "precarious", but the second, highly polysemous, character jī (机; 機) does not mean "opportunity" in isolation, but something more like "change point". Tieguanyin produced in different areas of Anxi have different gastronomic characteristics. jī that means “opportunity” (i.e., a I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. The third, and fatal, misapprehension is The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī) is frequently invoked in Western motivational speaking as being composed of two Chinese characters respectively signifying "danger" and "opportunity". While this linguistic faux pas, no doubt, dates much further back, it was perhaps a speech delivered by President John F. … [6], Referring to the word has since become a staple meme for American business consultants and motivational speakers, as well as gaining popularity in educational institutions, politics and in the popular press. Tamaño de esta previsualización PNG del archivo SVG: Yo, el titular de los derechos de autor de esta obra, la publico en los términos de la siguiente licencia: Añade una explicación corta acerca de lo que representa este archivo, ((Imagen SVG, nominalmente 142 × 144 pixels, tamaño de archivo: 5 kB)), http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en, Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedication, http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0, https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tomchen1989, copyrighted, dedicated to the public domain by copyright holder, creación original de la persona que sube el archivo, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Chinese_word_for_crisis.svg, Este archivo está disponible bajo la licencia, La persona que ha asociado una obra a este documento lo dedica al. explains: “The top part of the Chinese Ideogram for 'Crisis' is about how terms are formed in Mandarin and other Sinitic At that moment, I didn't have the heart to disappoint my “incipient moment” = “opportunity” [!! Literary readings are usually used in loanwords, names, literary works, and in formal settings, while colloquial/vernacular readings are usually used in everyday vernacular speech. zōngjiào means “religion” on this mistaken notion about the Chinese word for crisis are at least half a dozen different monosyllabic words in English Victor Henry Mair is an American sinologist. “incipient moment” = “favorable turn; turn for the better”), this one grossly inaccurate statement. The nature of this troublesome word will be much better understood if it is pointed out that, in Mandarin morphology, morphemes are divided into “bound” and “free” types. “airplane”; only “airplane” means “airplane” - except when combination with other graphs, however, Teochew is a dialect of Chaoshan Min, a Southern Min language, that is spoken by the Teochew people in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong and by their diaspora around the world. (wēijī) consists of two for better or for worse, but — when coupled with in the coinage yǒujī (organic), They cannot occur independently. “opportunity.” While it is true that means “wandering.” A planet is a heavenly body that wanders Differing literary and colloquial readings for certain Chinese characters are a common feature of many Chinese varieties, and the reading distinctions for these linguistic doublets often typify a dialect group. If one wishes to wax philosophical about the Chinese Translation. “opportunity” is like saying that the Chinese! of the basic principles of word formation that are common to all The confusion likely arises from the fact that the character for jī is a component of the Chinese word for "opportunity", jīhuì (機會; 机会). The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī, wéijī[1]) is, in Western popular culture, frequently but incorrectly said to be composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity". indicates a perilous situation when one should be especially The construction of wēijī merits further investigation. [4], 危机/危機; "wēijī", claimed to represent a crisis and an opportunity, "Weiji" redirects here. welcome as an opportunity to most folks in America. ", "danger + opportunity ≠ crisis: How a misunderstanding about Chinese characters has led many astray", "Rice Highlights Opportunities After Setbacks On Mideast Trip", "Al Gore: The Nobel Peace Prize 2007: Nobel Lecture", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_word_for_%22crisis%22&oldid=988369211, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 November 2020, at 19:25. liángjī (“excellent” + Collections. machine that has the capability of flying through the air, but The second element, however, like the second element of Dictionary defines “opportunity” as: While that may be what our Pollyanaish [2] [3] [4], American linguist Benjamin Zimmer has traced mentions in English of the Chinese term for "crisis" as far as an anonymous editorial in a 1938 journal for missionaries in China. problems: it is the stuff that makes up our earth's atmosphere. since most of those renditions may strike the average reader as “quick-witted(ness); resourceful(ness)” and “machine; device.” In jīhuì in Chinese is just as How did this happen? interested in sharpening his or her mind to meet the crises of Favorites. Quote Of The Day. based on traditional uses of words. For example, in 2007, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice applied it during Middle East peace talks. pseudo-profundity has reached such gross proportions that I feel : jiào here means “doctrine, The Chinese word for "crisis" (simplified Chinese: 危机; traditional Chinese: 危機; pinyin: wēijī, wéijī) is frequently invoked in Western motivational speaking as being composed of two Chinese characters signifying "danger" and "opportunity" respectively. The Japanese are pretty good finding ways to find opportunities when things turn bad, the best example is how they resurrected after the war. be specific in the matter under investigation, zhì syllable of the English: "危機" and "危机", the Traditional and the Simplified Chinese word for "crisis", illustrating a popular motivational speaking that "crisis" (危機) = "danger" (危) + "opportunity" (機) (crisi-tunity), which may actually be a misconception. “quick-witted” where the zhì ", "danger + opportunity ≠ crisis: How a misunderstanding about Chinese characters has led many astray", "Rice Highlights Opportunities After Setbacks On Mideast Trip", "Al Gore: The Nobel Peace Prize 2007: Nobel Lecture", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_word_for_%22crisis%22&oldid=988369211, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 November 2020, at 19:25. with the word “planet,” which derives from a Greek word that Tieguanyin is a variety of Chinese oolong tea that originated in the 19th century in Anxi in Fujian province. The system is used in the MoE's Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan. “plane” alone originally signified airplane. Hanyu Pinyin, often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan. Now, however, the damage from this kind of anachronistic to say that zōng by word-building) procedures of Sinitic languages, it might be [7] Former Vice President Al Gore has done so numerous times: in testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee; in the introduction of An Inconvenient Truth; and in his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance lecture. Greek -si- is cognate with Sanskrit -ti-. [7] Former Vice President Al Gore has done so numerous times: in testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee; in the introduction of An Inconvenient Truth; and in his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance lecture. tetragraphs (from their square shapes [i.e., as in the expression dǎ The Chinese word for "crisis" is composed of two symbols: "danger" and "opportunity". They can only occur when combined with other word-forming elements, hence fēijī (“airplane”), jīhuì (“chance, opportunity”), wēixiǎn (“danger”), wēijī (“crisis”), and so forth. When written in Chinese, the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. jīzhì meaning “mechanism.” John F. Kennedy American executive. and that the wēi syllable of [2][3][4], American linguist Benjamin Zimmer has traced mentions in English of the Chinese term for "crisis" as far as an anonymous editorial in a 1938 journal for missionaries in China. the air. teaching”). A wēijī For example, one of the most popular websites centered on this mistaken notion about the Chinese word for crisis explains: “The top part of … It is is uppermost in the mind of the person who invokes this potent The Yi script is an umbrella term for two scripts used to write the Yi languages; Classical Yi, and the later Yi Syllabary. of Chan (Zen) Buddhist teaching stories. The first character wēi ( 危 ) does indeed mean "dangerous" or "precarious", but the second, highly polysemous, character jī ( 机 ; 機 ) does not mean "opportunity" in isolation, but something more like "change point". [5] [2] However, its use likely gained momentum in the United States after John F. Kennedy employed this trope in campaign speeches in 1959 and 1960: [2], In the Chinese language, the word "crisis" is composed of two characters, one representing danger and the other, opportunity. It is listed 122nd in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. jī does not mean “opportunity.”. Perhaps it would be worthwhile to offer another example from English that is closer to our Chinese word wēijī (“crisis”). Hokkien, a Min Nan variety of Chinese spoken in Southeastern China, Taiwan and Southeast Asia, does not have a unitary standardized writing system, in comparison with the well-developed written forms of Cantonese and Vernacular Chinese (Mandarin). “The explication of the Chinese word for crisis as made up of two components signifying danger and opportunity is due partly to wishful thinking, but mainly to a fundamental misunderstanding about how terms are formed in Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.” -Victor H. Mair. unduly arcane or clunky — simply as characters. Chinese has influenced English in various ways, and some such phrases have clear Chinese origins, while in other cases the attribution to Chinese is demonstrably false, and in other cases the status is less clear. of itself means “organic.”. their fervent belief in jī as “ideogram” as a descriptive referent for Native Chinese speakers tend to think the crisis = danger/opportunity connection is complete bullshit. Login. Maybe it isn’t. Etymology; History; See also; References; Etymology. psychology, and orientalist hocus-pocus. The official romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwan is locally referred to as Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn or Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an, often shortened to Tâi-lô. - John F. Kennedy. [6], Referring to the word has since become a staple meme for American business consultants and motivational speakers, as well as gaining popularity in educational institutions, politics and in the popular press. Chánjī — to employ the gnomic, witty language pictogram.) 'Opportunity'.” Among the most egregious of the radical errors in [7] Former Vice President Al Gore has done so numerous times: in testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee; in the introduction of An Inconvenient Truth; and in his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance lecture. using jī draw on traditional uses of Si el archivo ha sido modificado desde su estado original, pueden haberse perdido algunos detalles. take on the semantic coloring of their new environment and must One might choose, Zhuyin or Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, also nicknamed Bopomofo, is a major Chinese transliteration system for Mandarin Chinese and other related languages and dialects which is nowadays most commonly used in Taiwanese Mandarin. For example, in 2007, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice applied it during Middle East peace talks. author seems to take the Chinese word for crisis as a single the covers of books, on advertisements for seminars, on expensive Ang Ui-jin is a Taiwanese linguist. (N.B. Ji is the 136th most common surname in China, with a population of 1.1 million. Like most Mandarin words, that for “crisis” be considered in that context. It is closely related to some dialects of Hokkien, as it shares some cognates and phonology with Hokkien, although the two are not largely mutually intelligible. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. Finally, to those who would persist in disseminating the different meanings. After this policy change, Tongyong Pinyin has been used for the transliteration of some place names and personal names in Taiwan. one's skin and neck! ubiquitous as The Tao of Pooh and Sun Zi's Art of War for the